Topic: Physics
There will come a time when your child is learning about atoms and the periodic table that you will want to know how to make a model of an atom. Styrofoam craft balls measuring 1 inch in circumference (how many you will ...
Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity, published in 1905, predicts unusual counterintuitive effects that occur when objects are traveling close to the speed of light, including: Prior to Einstein's special relativity theory and the Michelson-Morley experiment, physicists thought that observers moving at ...
A product of the Big Bang theoretically produced in abundance, antimatter didn't survive whatever powerful evolutionary pressures permitted the matter we see all around us to reign supreme. The "Alpha Experiment" had a simple goal, said CERN investigator Jeffrey Hangst. "We've overcome ...
Static temperature is an important concept in the study of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, with frequent applications to aerodynamics and engineering. The fluid flow that lies tangent to the surface where this occurs is known as a stagnation streamline, and the temperature ...
Ordinarily, aluminum is trivalent. The energy required to form the Al3+ ion, however, is very high; and, in the majority of cases, it is energetically more favourable for the aluminum atom to form covalent compounds by way of sp2 hybridization, as boron ...
It thus is possible for an atom of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth to expand its valence octet to form five covalent bonds and one additional coordinate covalent bond. This subject, however, is still controversial, and the widely used scale of electronegativities ...
In the periodic table, each of the nitrogen group elements occupies the fifth position among the main group elements of its period, a position designated 15. The arrangement of outer electrons in the atoms of the nitrogen elements thus provides three half-filled ...
Crystals, glasses, semiconductors, gases, liquids, beams of high-energy electrons, and even gelatin doped with suitable materials can generate laser beams. In crystal and glass lasers, such as Maiman's first ruby laser, light from an external source excites atoms, known as dopants, that ...
Fivefold symmetry axes are forbidden in ordinary crystals, while other axes, such as sixfold axes, are allowed. In fact, the compatibility of translational periodicity with sixfold rotational symmetry (as shown in Figure 1) is a remarkable accident, for translational periodicity is not ...
The electric properties of quasicrystals have proved to be rather unusual. Since it is only Fermi-surface electrons that carry current, a vanishingly small density of such electronic states leads to low electrical conductivities in semiconductors and insulators. Since the Fermi-surface electrons are ...